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[null,"Prepared By:","Contributors:"]
[null,"Hamel-Smith","Fanta Punch"]
[]
[]
[]
["Lex Mundi Latin America and the Caribbean: TMT and Cyber Guide"]
[]
["Report Generated: 6/23/2026"]
[]
["View your report results on next tab"]

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["Question","Trinidad and Tobago"]
["Telecommunications Market Overview"]
["1. What is the current state of the telecommunications market in your jurisdiction? Who are the main players in the market?"," The main players in the Trinidad  & Tobago  telecommunications market are: \n \n Digicel (Trinidad & Tobago) Limited: provides fixed voice, mobile, internet services, fiber-based network services \n Columbus Communications Trinidad Limited (Flow): offers fixed voice, internet services, and TV subscription services \n Telecommunications Services of Trinidad & Tobago (\"TSTT\"): Is majority state-owned, operating under its bmobile brand, provides fixed voice, fixed wireless network, mobile services, and internet services \n Amplia Communications Limited, a subsidiary of TSTT: provides internet and TV subscription services \n \n For completeness, other internet service providers include Airlink Communications, Lisa Communications, Green Dot, Open Telecom Limited, Novo Communications Limited, Neptune Communications (Trinidad & Tobago Limited), PBS Technologies Limited, RVR International Limited, Starlink Internet Services of Trinidad and Tobago Limited, Wired Technologies and Prism Services (Trinidad) Limited  "]
["2. What is the market share for different services (mobile, broadband, Pay TV, etc.)? E.g., level of penetration for mobile services, fixed broadband, 4G, 5G, and fiber deployment."," According to the Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago (\" TATT \"), in 2024, Trinidad & Tobago’s market revenue was as follows: \n \n Internet ( fixed and mobile): 45% \n Mobile voice: 16/7% \n TV subscription: 11.6% \n Free-to-air TV: 3.2% \n FTA Radio: 6.2% \n Broadcasting: 16.8 \n \n Based on a report by TATT in 2024, the industry generated revenues of approximately TTD$5.3 billion dollars or USD 781 million dollars – the telecommunications industry contributed $TTD 4.3 billion, and broadcasting continued TTD 1.0 billion dollars. \n There were 1,790,000 mobile voice subscriptions and 965,200 mobile internet subscriptions in 20224. Fixed voice subscriptions and TV subscriptions decreased by 4.2 % to 297,700 and by 3% to 209,900, respectively.  \n In the mobile and internet markets, Digicel (Trinidad & Tobago) Limited and Telecommunication Services of Trinidad & Tobago Services (\" TSTT \") via its brand - bmobile - remain the two key competitors for these markets.  "]
["3. What are the most relevant trends and challenges in the ICT industry? \nAre there ongoing developments in areas such as 5G deployment, IoT, satellite services, infrastructure investment, or market consolidation?","According to \nTATT, the telecommunications industry saw an increase in total gross revenue of 0.8%, primarily in the internet market, between 2023 and 2024, in fixed mobile and internet services. While changes or amendments to the telecommunications legislation are advancing at a slower pace than technological advancement, there have been developments. \nTSTT launched 5G for mobile services in Trinidad & Tobago through bmobile for its fixed wireless access network. Digicel also provides services. Through its partnership with Neptune Communications, \nTSTT also offers broadband services via satellite connectivity \n"]
["Regulatory Framework"]
["4. What are the main laws governing telecommunications in your jurisdiction? \nWhich authority regulates the telecommunications sector?","Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago are regulated by the \nTelecommunications Act Chapter 47:31(the “ \nAct”). The \nAct establishes the procedure for being granted a license and a concession in order to operate telecommunications networks, sets out the fees for both, technical standards applied by the regulator, the powers of the regulator to test and inspect for compliance, and sets out offences arising out of noncompliance.\nThe \nTelecommunications (Fees) Regulations 2006 (“\nThe Fees Regulations”) are also relevant. TATT is the regulator of the telecommunications sector in Trinidad and Tobago.\n"]
["Licensing"]
["5. Describe the licensing requirements for the provision of the following services: Internet Access; Data transmisión; Mobile telephony; Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs); Pay TV.","According to \nSection 36(1) of the \nAct, where “radio-communication services” are established or “radio-transmitting equipment” is installed, a licence must be granted by \nTATT. The \nAct defines radiocommunication services as those services which involve the “transmission, emission or reception of electromagnetic waves for telecommunication purposes”. All of the above services involve the use of electromagnetic waves. They are therefore all radio-communication services for the purpose of the \nAct and therefore the establishment of any of these services requires a licence. The \nAct also states that where a spectrum- a “continuous range of electromagnetic wave frequencies”- is required, the licence application proceeds as part of the concession application. \nSection 36 of the \nAct outlines the procedure for the granting of a licence, which requires the submission of an application, the publishing of the notice of licence in the Gazette and a newspaper and the publishing of the terms of the licence. The application fee for a \nCellular Mobile Spectrum Licence is set at $32,000TTD and the application fee for a \nSpectrum Licence for TV is set at $100.\nAccording to the \nFees Regulations, \nTATT may grant licences for spectrum by way of an auction or other competitive process and in such circumstances, the procedures set out in the \nTelecommunications Tenders Rules 2004 apply. \nConcessions are required whenever a public telecommunications network is operated or a public telecommunications or broadcasting service is provided. The application for a concession must be submitted by the applicant to \nTATT, which will then publish a notice of the receipt of the application in the Gazette and one daily newspaper. \nTATT may set a deadline for objections to be raised of at least 28 days and will consider any objections raised within the set period. After consideration, \nTATT will send its recommendations to the Minister within 90 days and the Minister will decide within 60 days of receipt whether to grant the concession. \nTATT will publish the granting of a concession and its terms. If the Minister does not decide within 60 days of receipt, the concession is deemed granted. The obligations imposed by a concession are outlined in \nSection 22 of the \nAct. \nThe \nFees Regulations state that \nTATT must issue an invoice to the relevant concessionaire of the fee as set out in the First Schedule \n(S3(1)). The application fee for a concession for network services for domestic mobile is set at TTD$32,000. The application fee for a concession for virtual network services is set at TTD$8000 for national or major territorial and $1000 for niche or minor territorial. The application fee for a concession for broadcast services by subscription is TTD$1000.\n"]
["Foreign Ownership Restrictions"]
["6. Are there any foreign ownership restrictions on telecom operators?","No. The \nAct does not set out any foreign ownership restrictions on telecom operators. However, there are certain licence and notice requirements under Trinidad & Tobago’s \nForeign Investment Act Chap. 70:07, which may be applicable to a foreign entity’s incorporation or acquisition of land locally.\n"]
["Price Regulation"]
["7. Are service prices regulated or freely determined?","The \nAct provides that prices may be determined by providers according to supply and demand unless the provider operating a public telecommunications network or providing a public telecommunications service has a “dominant position” in the market or “cross-subsidizes another telecommunications service” or \nTATT considers that “anti-competitive pricing or acts of unfair competition” are occurring.\nWhen \nTATT is permitted to regulate pricing, they do so by publishing “pricing rules and principles” which must be “fair and reasonable and… prohibit discrimination”. \n"]
["License transfers / Change of Control"]
["8. Is regulatory approval required for license transfers or corporate control changes? \nWhat are the conditions or requirements?","The \nAct requires that when there is a change of control, the provider receive \nTATT’s prior written approval both for the granted concession and the licence (\nS37), though the licence approval should not be unreasonably withheld. \n"]
["Universal Service"]
["9. Are there universal service obligations? If so, what are the applicable rules?","In accordance with \nSection 28 (1) of the \nAct, \nTATT shall determine the public telecommunications services in respect of which the requirement of universal service shall apply. It is achieved when the entire population can access affordable telecommunications services either individually or shared, e.g., internet kiosks or community access centres\n"]
["Interconnection and Access"]
["10. What are the interconnection and access obligations? Net neutrality - Are there obligations to block or filter internet content under specific conditions?","Under the telecommunications legislation in Trinidad & Tobago, interconnection is required. The\n Act requires that \nTATT establish guidelines and standards to facilitate interconnection and has provisions dealing with such matters as interconnection agreements, number portability, dialing parity and telephone number access.\nSecondary legislation is the \nTelecommunications (Interconnection) Regulations, 2006, aims to ensure that there is fair competition and interoperability among telecommunications service providers. \n"]
["Spectrum Management"]
["11. How is radio spectrum allocated and managed? \nWhat is the process for awarding high-demand mobile frequencies (e.g., auction, tender, on demand)? \nIs there a secondary market for spectrum (e.g., spectrum trading or leasing)?","By the \nAct, \nTATT is required to plan, supervise, regulate and manage the use of the radio frequency spectrum, including the licensing and registration of radio frequencies and call signs to be used by all stations operating in Trinidad and Tobago.\nAdditionally, by its \nSpectrum Management Framework, the \nTATT intends to adopt licensing practices that are based on a market-oriented system (flexible approach), like coordinating shared spectrum use to increase the efficiency of overall spectrum utilization. \nAs mentioned, while there are no general obligations in the \nAct since 2004 on licensees that require spectrum coordination, owing to the powers given to \nTATT under the \nAct, this is likely to be the case. Since 2004, spectrum authorisation or licensing in Trinidad and Tobago has been generally classified according to individual licences and class licences.\nThe procedural framework adopted for spectrum management in Trinidad and Tobago was generally in conformity with the \nITU Radio Regulations and, except in certain cases, specifically in accordance with the allocations for the region.\n"]
["Right of Way and Support Structures"]
["12. Are national, regional, or municipal authorizations required for installing telecom infrastructure? \nWhat are the rules regarding the use of support structures (e.g., towers, poles; sharing of infraestructure)?","Yes. Construction of infrastructure (towers, antennae, fiber) require the permission at the national and local levels. Generally, \nTATT’s functions include ensuring the orderly and systematic development of telecommunications, which would include seeing that the construction and use of telecommunications structures are done in an orderly and beneficial way. \nDespite this, \nTATT has no clear authority under the \nAct to regulate the manner in which collocation is agreed between a concessionaire and an infrastructure provider who is not a concessionaire if a dispute arises.\nFurther, neither \nTATT nor national/local legislation provides authority to mandate that only concessionaires should be allowed to erect telecommunications structures.\n"]
["Passive Infrastructure"]
["13. What regulations apply to the deployment and sharing of passive telecom infrastructure?","TATT is empowered to regulate terms and conditions for access to any facility, including the physical component of telecommunications equipment (passive elements of networks). There is a process whereby a written request is made, negotiations should be done in good faith and access should not be unreasonably withheld. \nTATT has the authority to deal with any disputes that arise\n"]
["Submarine Cables"]
["14. Are regulatory authorizations required for the landing and operation of submarine cables?","Yes, subject to \nTATT’s authority to provide authorization for physical components of facilities of telecommunications networks.\n"]
["Satellite Services"]
["15. What are the licensing requirements for satellite services (based on the type of constellation)?","The\n Act does not limit the mechanisms for applying for concessions and licences and \nTATT has the power to determine the manner in which applications are submitted and the process to be followed. \nThe process involves the completion of an application form (available online), submitted to\n TATT along with the payment of the prescribed fee. The regulator will consider the application and notify the applicant of its determination within ninety (90) days of receipt of the application. Notices are also published.\n"]
["16. Are authorizations required for ground stations?","Yes.\n"]
["17. Is direct-to-device satellite communication regulated?","Under the \nAct, \nTATT has the authority to regulate and supervise the operation of telecommunication equipment and devices.\n"]
["Telecommunications Equipment"]
["18. Are telecommunications devices subject to homologation or type approval?","TATT approval is typically required. In some cases, approval from \nTATT is required for the importation or operation of telecommunications equipment and devices, such as wireless devices, transmitters, and broadcasting equipment, to ensure they comply with technical standards (such as acceptable FCC or CE reports, RF transmitting equipment). \n"]
["Audiovisual Communications Services Market Overview"]
["19. What is the current state of the audiovisual market in your jurisdiction? \nWho are the main players? \nWhat is the market share of Pay TV, OTT platforms, and traditional broadcasting (radio and free-to-air TV)? \nWhat are the main regulatory or industry issues (e.g., OTT regulation, media ownership restrictions, updates to traditional service frameworks)?","The \nAct does not explicitly deal with \nOTT services. \nTATT has determined that \nOTT communication services may be classified as public telecommunications networks under the \nAct and subject to the obligations under the \nAct. For other categories of \nOTT services, that is, which are not functionally equivalent to traditional services and/or do not use numbering or spectrum resources, sector-specific regulation may not be required to the same extent. \nIn terms of TV subscriptions, a key player is Columbus Communications Trinidad Limited (Flow).\n"]
["Audiovisual Communication Services Regulatory Framework"]
["20. What are the main laws applicable to audiovisual communication services? Which authority regulates this sector?","The \nAct is the primary legislation that applies to telecommunications and broadcasting, although not explicitly, the \nTATT is the authority that regulates the sector. While aspects of \nOTT VoIP may be considered public telecommunications services and subject to the \nAct ( for which a licence would be needed), it does not regulate services over the Internet.\nAudiovisual works (films, sound recordings, broadcasts) are protected by copyright and related rights automatically under the law of Trinidad and Tobago; no formal registration or other formalities are required to obtain copyright protection. \n"]
["Audiovisual Communications Services Licensing"]
["21. What types of licenses are available? \nWhat is the procedure to apply for a license? \nWhat is the duration of audiovisual licenses?","Under the \nAct, free-to-air TV, radio, and subscription audiovisual services require a licence (spectrum, station, class). Approval must be sought from \nTATT.\n"]
["License or Share Transfers"]
["22. Is regulatory approval required for license or share transfers? What are the conditions or requirements?","Under the \nAct, approval must be sought from \nTATT.\n"]
["Restrictions"]
["23. Are there restrictions on foreign investment? \nAre there exceptions? \nAre there any incompatibilities or cross-ownership restrictions?","No. The \nAct does not set out any foreign ownership restrictions on telecom operators. \n"]
["24. Are there limits to the number of licenses that can be held?","This will be dependent on \nTATT.\n"]
["Registries"]
["25. Are audiovisual signals, production companies, and advertising agencies subject to registration?","The\n Act currently does not require production companies and advertising agencies to follow standard corporate registration laws, but not subject to the \nAct.  Production companies are not subject to registration. There is a state company, the Trinidad and Tobago Film Company (FilmTT), which manages the local film sector and production companies seeking tax rebate (The Art and Culture Allowance for audio, visual and video productions) may need to register with FilmTT.\nAdvertising agencies are primarily self-regulated by professional bodies such as the Advertising Agencies Association of Trinidad & Tobago (\"\nAAATT\"). In terms of media licensing, broadcasters (TV, radio, cable, satellite) require licenses to broadcast copyrighted music and other works from local collective management organizations.\n"]
["26. Are there obligations to include national or local content; and, original vs. acquired content?","Not currently.\n"]
["27. Are there any requirements for specific contents (e.g., news, fiction, children’s programming?","There are no current requirements. \n"]
["Screen Quotas"]
["28. Are there minimum quotas for national content?","Not currently.\n"]
["Must-Carry Rules"]
["29. Are Pay TV operators required to carry certain free-to-air channels? What is the scope of this obligation?","No, it is not a requirement to carry certain free-to-air channels; \nTATT requires all operators to obtain the requisite rights to broadcast any channels, including free-to-air ones. \n"]
["Advertising"]
["30. Are there requirements regarding domestic or foreign advertising production?","There are standards governed by the Bureau of Standards regarding standards for the content and presentation of advertisements that are published, aired or accessed on local media, regardless of country of origin (for specific goods and services and political advertising, but excluding food, drugs, cosmetics and devices, pesticides and toxic chemicals).\n"]
["31. Are there prohibitions on certain products or audiences (e.g., children)?","Yes, there are prohibitions against advertisement of (a) tobacco, (b) pornography or advertisement likely to be understood as conveying child pornography to children (the \nChildren’s Act 2012), (c) food which is prohibited under the \nFood & Drugs Act Chap. 30:01."]
["32. Is there a registry for advertisers or reciprocity obligations?","Trinidad and Tobago does not have a mandatory registry. Advertisers are self-regulated.\n"]
["Taxes"]
["33. Are audiovisual services subject to special taxes or levies?","Some audiovisual services may be subject to tax (e.g., corporation tax).\n"]
["OTT Platforms"]
["34. Are OTT platforms regulated? To what extent? Are there obligations for OTTs to register locally or appoint a legal representative? \nAre screen quotas applied to OTT and on-demand services? \nAre there tax obligations applicable to streaming platforms?","At present, \nOTT platforms are not regulated by the \nAct or \nTATT. \n"]
["AI Main Framework"]
["35. Is there any main regulatory framework governing artificial intelligence in your jurisdiction? \nAre there sector-specific regulations for the use of AI (e.g., in finance, health, education)? Which authorities oversee AI-related matters? \nAre there any draft bills or ongoing public consultations?","There are no specific laws governing AI in Trinidad & Tobago at this time.\n"]
["AI Best Practices and Principles"]
["36. Please describe if there is any mandatory requirement to provide AI-based services under your jurisdiction's regulations. \nAre any AI technologies considered high-risk or prohibited? \nWhat best practices are recommended or adopted in your jurisdiction?  Are there requirements for algorithm traceability or auditability? Are there user-facing transparency or disclosure obligations? \nAre AI systems required to undergo impact assessments or risk classification?","There are no specific laws governing AI in Trinidad & Tobago at this time.\n"]
["Other Applicable Regulations"]
["37. Are general regulations applicable to artificial intelligence? In such case, mention the most relevant legislation.","There are no specific laws governing AI in Trinidad & Tobago at this time.\n"]
["Main Cybersecurity Framework"]
["38. What is the current legal framework for cybersecurity? \nIs there a national cybersecurity strategy or action plan in force? \nAre there any relevant bills or ongoing public consultations?","The current frameworks for cybersecurity are a work in progress. The primary legislation is the \nComputer Misuse Act 2000 and the \nData Protection Act 2011, which are partially proclaimed. A \nCybercrime Bill introduced in 2017 aimed at replacing the \nCMA but has not progressed.  \nThere have been public consultations by the Central Bank of Trinidad & Tobago on a cybersecurity guideline for the financial sector and also by \nTATT on guidelines for cybersecurity of public telecommunications networks. \nThere is a national cybersecurity strategy – \n2012 National Cyber Security Strategy - which outlines the government's objectives for cybersecurity governance, protection of critical infrastructure, and incident management (through the Trinidad and Tobago Computer Security Incident Response Team - \nTT-CSIRT).\nAt present, the government, through the Ministry of Public Administration and AI, is working on a national cyber awareness and capacity building initiative. \n"]
["Cybersecurity Obligations"]
["39. Are there minimum cybersecurity requirements for companies or service providers (e.g. sectors such as telecom, energy, health, or finance)?","As mentioned above, there have been guidelines introduced for telecommunications and finance for public consultation. Other sectors are subject to the partially proclaimed \nData Protection Act. \n"]
["40. Are there any relevant jurisdictional cases related to cybersecurity incidents where private or public entities were sanctioned because of an infringement?","Not at this time.\n"]
["41. Are there mandatory incident response plans or reporting obligations?","Other than that might exist under the general data principles under the\n DPA, not at this time. \n"]
["42. How do companies coordinate with authorities in the event of a cyberattack?","There is no mandatory requirement for companies to coordinate with authorities; however, companies in the telecommunications or finance industries ought to follow the guidelines set out in those industries. Companies can coordinate with \nTT-CSIRT (Technical Assistance) or the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service’s Cyber Crime.\n"]
["43. Are there specific provisions for the criminalization of cyber-related offenses?","The \nComputer Misuse Act makes special provisions for cyber-related offences. Under the \nDPA, the operative aspects of the law which deal with offences have not yet been proclaimed.\n"]
["Cross-Border and Cooperation"]
["44. Is your jurisdiction subject or adhered to any international cooperation agreements or treaties with other countries and/or international bodies? Does your jurisdiction participate in global cybersecurity initiatives?","Yes, Trinidad & Tobago is subject to several cooperation agreements with other countries, for example, Canada, Dominican Republic, Panama, Columbia and international bodies such as the \nWorld Trade Organization (\"\nWTO\") and the\n Caribbean Community (\"\nCARICOM\"), \nCariforum ILO, \nMultilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters.\nThe Government of Trinidad and Tobago, through the Ministry of Public Administration and Artificial Intelligence (\"\nMPAAI\"), participated in September 2025 in the global 50-in-5 campaign aimed at developing Digital Public Infrastructure (\"\nDPI\") (example, digital identification, public services, electronic transactions for taxes and government services) in a safe, inclusive, and seamless manner.\n"]